OpenCV利用python来实现图像的直方图均衡化

脚本专栏 2024/12/24 佚名

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1.直方图

直方图: (1) 图像中不同像素等级出现的次数 (2) 图像中具有不同等级的像素关于总像素数目的比值。

我们使用cv2.calcHist方法得到直方图

cv2.calcHist(images, channels, mask, histSize, ranges):

-img: 图像
-channels: 选取图像的哪个通道
-histSize: 直方图大小
-ranges: 直方图范围

cv2.minMaxLoc: 返回直方图的最大最小值，以及他们的索引

import cv2
import numpy as np
def ImageHist(image, type):
  color = (255, 255,255)
  windowName = 'Gray'
  if type == 1:    #判断通道颜色类型 B-G-R
    color = (255, 0, 0)
    windowName = 'B hist'
  elif type == 2:
    color = (0,255,0)
    windowName = 'G hist'
  else:
    color = (0,0,255)
  # 得到直方图
  hist = cv2.calcHist([image],[0],None,[256],[0,255])
  # 得到最大值和最小值
  minV,maxV,minL,maxL = cv2.minMaxLoc(hist)
  histImg = np.zeros([256,256,3],np.uint8)
  #直方图归一化
  for h in range(256):
    interNormal = int(hist[h] / maxV * 256)
    cv2.line(histImg, (h, 256), (h, 256 - interNormal), color)
  cv2.imshow(windowName, histImg)
  return histImg
img = cv2.imread('img.jpg', 1)
channels = cv2.split(img) # R-G-B
for i in range(3): 
  ImageHist(channels[i], 1 + i)
cv2.waitKey(0)

2.直方图均衡化

灰色图像直方图均衡化

这里我们直接使用cv2.equalizeHist方法来得到直方图均衡化之后的图像

import cv2
import numpy as np
img = cv2.imread('img.jpg', 1)
gray = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
dat = cv2.equalizeHist(gray)
cv2.imshow('gray', gray)a
cv2.imshow('dat', dat)
cv2.waitKey(0)

原图像：

直方图均衡化后的图像：

彩色图像直方图均衡化

彩色图像有3个通道，直方图是针对单通道上的像素统计，所以使用cv2.split方法分离图像的颜色通道，分别得到各个通道的直方图，最后使用cv2.merge()方法合并直方图，得到彩色图像的直方图均衡化

import cv2
import numpy as np
img = cv2.imread('img.jpg', 1)
cv2.imshow('img', img)
(b, g, r) = cv2.split(img)
bH = cv2.equalizeHist(b)
gH = cv2.equalizeHist(g)
rH = cv2.equalizeHist(r)
dat = cv2.merge((bH, gH, rH))
cv2.imshow('dat', dat)
cv2.waitKey(0)

D:\Anaconda\lib\site-packages\numpy\_distributor_init.py:32: UserWarning: loaded more than 1 DLL from .libs:
D:\Anaconda\lib\site-packages\numpy\.libs\libopenblas.NOIJJG62EMASZI6NYURL6JBKM4EVBGM7.gfortran-win_amd64.dll
D:\Anaconda\lib\site-packages\numpy\.libs\libopenblas.PYQHXLVVQ7VESDPUVUADXEVJOBGHJPAY.gfortran-win_amd64.dll
stacklevel=1)

原图像：

直方图均衡化之后的图像：

3.源代码实现直方图均衡化

下面我们用源代码来实现直方图

横坐标为像素等级，纵坐标为出现的概率

import cv2
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
img = cv2.imread('img.jpg', 1)
gray = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY)
count = np.zeros(256, np.float)
for i in range(img.shape[0]):
  for j in range(img.shape[1]):
    count[int(gray[i, j])] += 1 # 统计该像素出现的次数
count = count / (img.shape[0] * img.shape[1]) # 得到概率
x = np.linspace(0,255,256)
plt.bar(x, count,color = 'b')
plt.show()


# 计算累计概率

for i in range(1,256):
  count[i] += count[i - 1]
# 映射
map1 = count * 255
for i in range(img.shape[0]):
  for j in range(img.shape[1]):
    p = gray[i, j]
    gray[i, j] = map1[p]
cv2.imshow('gray', gray)
cv2.waitKey(0)

直方图：

直方图均衡化后的图像：

彩色直方图源码

import cv2
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
img = cv2.imread('img.jpg', 1)
# R-G-B三种染色直方图
countb = np.zeros(256, np.float32)
countg = np.zeros(256, np.float32)
countr = np.zeros(256, np.float32)

for i in range(img.shape[0]):
  for j in range(img.shape[1]):
    (b,g,r) = img[i,j]
    b = int(b)
    g = int(g)
    r = int(r)
    countb[b] += 1 # 统计该像素出现的次数
    countg[g] += 1
    countr[r] += 1
countb = countb / (img.shape[0] * img.shape[1]) # 得到概率
countg = countg / (img.shape[0] * img.shape[1])
countr = countr / (img.shape[0] * img.shape[1])
x = np.linspace(0,255,256)
plt.figure()
plt.bar(x, countb,color = 'b')
plt.figure()
plt.bar(x, countg,color = 'g')
plt.figure()
plt.bar(x, countr,color = 'r')
plt.show()


# 计算直方图累计概率
for i in range(1,256):
  countb[i] += countb[i - 1]
  countg[i] += countg[i - 1]
  countr[i] += countr[i - 1]
#映射表
mapb = countb * 255
mapg = countg * 255
mapr = countr * 255

dat = np.zeros(img.shape, np.uint8)
for i in range(img.shape[0]):
  for j in range(img.shape[1]):
    (b,g,r) = img[i, j]
    dat[i, j] = (mapb[b],mapg[g],mapr[r])
cv2.imshow('dat', dat)
cv2.waitKey(0)

R-G-B 3 种颜色通道的直方图如下：